Injection of methamphetamine carries the same viral infection hazards (e.g. These effects may outlast drug use, although often they resolve eventually. Some of the symptoms resemble those of paranoid schizophrenia. Dependence - as shown by increased tolerance - results in deficits in memory and in decision-making and verbal reasoning. Chronic use of methamphetamine causes neurochemical and neuroanatomical changes.
Acute intoxication causes serious cardiovascular disturbances as well as behavioural problems that include agitation, confusion, paranoia, impulsivity and violence. Analysis of methamphetamine in urine is confounded because it is a metabolite of certain medicinal products (e.g. In most fatal poisonings the blood concentration is above 0.5 mg/L. Fatalities directly attributed to methamphetamine are rare. The major metabolites include 4-hydroxymethamphetamine and amphetamine. The plasma half-life is about nine hours. It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, and maximum plasma levels are in the range 0.001–0.005 mg/L. The therapeutic dose of the S-isomer is up to 25 mg orally. The S-isomer has greater activity than the R-isomer. Methamphetamine has higher potency than amphetamine, but in uncontrolled situations the effects are almost indistinguishable. It increases the activity of the noradrenergic and dopamine neurotransmitter systems. Later, users may feel irritable, restless, anxious, depressed and lethargic. Following oral use, the effects usually start within 30 minutes and last for many hours. It suppresses appetite and fatigue and leads to insomnia.
Methamphetamine is a CNS stimulant that causes hypertension and tachycardia with feelings of increased confidence, sociability and energy. Tablets containing methamphetamine may carry logos similar to those seen on MDMA and other ecstasy tablets. Illicit products mostly consist of powders, but the pure crystalline hydrochloride is known as 'ice'. The most common salt is the hydrochloride ( CAS-51-57-0), which occurs as a white or off-white powder or as crystals soluble in water. Methamphetamine base is a colourless volatile oil insoluble in water.
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